Determining the mineralogy and geochemistry of rocks and soils are an important aspect of mineral resource exploration and development. There are a range of analytical methods for analysing rock and soil samples, however, technologies based on spectroscopy offer certain advantages (i.e., non-destructive, real-time data, information spans from microscale to macroscale) compared to traditional laboratory approaches. Hyperspectral sensing techniques such as the HyLogger™ have been widely used to collect the reflectance spectra of rocks and cores over the visible and infrared regions. The reflectance spectrum provides mineralogical information and the HyLogger™ has become a rapid and cost-effective tool for mineral analysis of geomaterials. Although the reflectance spectrum can be complicated by various scattering and non-linear processes which make mineral identification and quantification a significant challenge, the development of spectral reference libraries along with new algorithms for spectral interpretation and unmixing have improved our understanding of mineral spectra. This paper reviews and discusses some of the latest developments and research in our laboratory with respect to hyperspectral sensing of minerals in rock and drill cores. In addition, we will highlight a few case studies that have used hyperspectral sensing for determining a range of different minerals during the exploration of kaolin and critical metal resources.